Sebaceous Naevus

Synonyms: naevus sebaceous, naevus sebaceous of Jadassohn, verrucous epidermal naevus, organoid naevus. Note the American spelling 'nevus'.

What is a sebaceous naevus?

A sebaceous naevus is a congenital skin lesion which usually manifests as a bald patch on the scalp of the baby. The area of hair loss looks orange or yellowish, with a velvety feel and appearance. It is usually oval or circular. In adolescence, under the influence of sex hormones, it becomes bumpy and warty, with an unpleasant verrucoid appearance.

Throughout teenage years and early adulthood they usually stay quiescent. Sometimes they enlarge in later adulthood and, rarely, undergo neoplastic change which on the whole involves benign tumours.

Sebaceous naevi are hamartomas, meaning they arise from tissues normally found at that site but they grow in a disorganised way. They have a common embryological origin of the pilosebaceous-apocrine unit and therefore contain sebaceous glands, hair follicles and sweat glands. Hence the term sebaceous naevus is a little inaccurate: some pathologists prefer the term verrucous epidermal naevus or organoid naevus.^[1] Although they contain elements of hair follicles, normal terminal hair follicles are absent making the area look hairless. Most are solitary, with the scalp being the most common site.

Scalp sebaceous naevus

By Mohammad2018, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Sebaceous naevus (Epidemiology)

Estimated prevalence is 0.3% of all newborns worldwide, with an equal sex distribution.^[2]

Sebaceous naevus symptoms (presentation)

• Usually, a single hairless patch (round or linear) is noted on the scalp at birth, or shortly thereafter.
• The classical velvety tan or yellow-orange appearance may be noted.
• The lesion may appear more prominent in newborns, due to the effects of maternal sex hormones.
• In adolescents the lesion tends to take on its nodular verrucoid appearance due to the influence of sex hormones.
• In later life there may be overgrowth of components of the lesion indicating possible benign or malignant tumours developing within the lesion.

Differential diagnosis

The appearance of sebaceous naevi is fairly characteristic but the following lesions may have a similar appearance or affect similar areas of the body:

• Aplasia cutis congenita.
• Naevus syringocystadenomatosus papilliferous.
• Juvenile xanthogranulomata.
• Solitary mastocytoma.
• Other causes of alopecia.

Investigations

Biopsy may be considered for diagnostic purposes or to investigate the nature of tumours that arise within them.

Associated diseases

About a third of people with a sebaceous naevus have systemic abnormalities affecting the brain, eye or skeletal systems. When these occur it is termed sebaceous naevus syndrome.^[3] In these cases the naevi follow the lines of Blaschko; the more extensive the cutaneous involvement, the greater the risk of extracutaneous manifestations.^[4] Subsequent problems can include infantile epilepsy, developmental delay and intellectual disability.

Sebaceous naevus treatment and management^[5]

• Due to the difficulty of quantifying the risk of malignant transformation, some specialists advocate full-thickness skin excision before adolescence.^[6] Others recommend watchful waiting.^[5]
• Some cases will in any case not be suitable for excision due to their size and location. These should be subjected to regular review.
• Photodynamic therapy can play a role in removing the lesion.^[7]
• Seek the advice of a dermatologist and/or plastic surgeon to help decide on the need for, and timing of, excision.
• Any lesion that changes its appearance significantly, ulcerates, becomes painful, bleeds or shows other signs of potential malignancy, should be referred to a dermatologist.

Complications

• Poor cosmetic appearance.
• Development of a benign or malignant tumour within the lesion.
• Complications associated with removal of the lesion.

Prognosis

Most lesions remain quiescent throughout adult life, the only concern being cosmetic. Two case series studying nearly 1,300 sebaceous naevi have found that 15% undergo neoplastic change.^{[8, 9]}

Of these 15%, 80% develop foci of benign neoplasms such as trichoblastomas and syringocystadenomas. The remaining 20% develop malignant changes, with basal cell carcinomas making up half of those, squamous cell carcinomas a quarter.

Usually, any malignant change occurs in adulthood but it has been reported in children as young as 8 years.^[6] Malignancy can be diagnosed in the same way as other malignant skin tumours, with dermoscopy playing its usual role.^[10]